WAC Clearinghouse Writing Guide

Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System)

This guide explains the notes system. A separate guide explains the Chicago Manual of Style author/date system.

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) documentation system is used in both the humanities and the social sciences. CMS is more complex than either MLA or APA as it offers to approaches for documenting sources: 1) a notes system and 2) an author/date system that is more similar to APA style.

Unlike MLA and APA, CMS notes system does not use parenthetical in-text citations and instead uses footnotes (bottom of page) or endnotes (listed at end of document) signaled by a superscripted number following the reference. In many cases, footnotes or endnotes replace an end of document bibliography: works cited or reference page. However, it is advised that a bibliography accompany any document with numerous notes. It is best to check with your instructor on what is expected when you are asked to use this style.

This guide is largely based on style recommendations from the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style; however, you may also wish to consult the 6th edition of Kate Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996). In Turbian's manual, you will find many corresponding or similar documentation patterns.

[Guide Updated June 2022]

Citing Sources within Your Document (Using In-Text Numbering)

The CMS notes in-text citation system is simple: It relies on numbers. A superscripted number replaces parenthetical in-text citations. The superscripted number flags the reader's attention to the existence of a citation note with the same number located either at the bottom of the page or the end of a document or book.

CMS In-Text Numbering Formatting and Rules

Superscript Rules

CMS In-Text Numbering Rules are as follows:

  • In-text superscripted numbers appear after the punctuation and quotation marks at the end of a cited clause or sentence. There is no space between the punctuation and the numeral.
  • Source material located in the first part of a sentence separated by an em dash (two hyphens) is cited with the number placed before the dash begins.
  • Beginning with 1, each number follows in sequential order from page to page regardless of whether they are footnotes or endnotes.
  • Superscripted numbers can be easily created in most common Word Processing programs including Microsoft® Word, Apple® Pages, and Google® Docs.

Examples

1. Superscript Number Placed at the End of a Sentence

Writing your way out is how you escape the Penguin Room.1

In this case, superscript number 1 is an implied reference indicating that the origin of the source material will be found in a footnote or endnote.

2. Superscript Number Placed after a Clause

Calderazzo's "Find the Penguin Room" solution,3 the curious and unexpected response to one of the basic questions many beginning writers ask, is introduced in the first chapter.

In this case, superscript number 3 is an express reference. It includes an author tag, or attribute, naming the origin of the source material.

3. Superscript Number Placed before an em dash in a Sentence

What kind of person brings a penguin collection to the broiling slickrock desert5—a simple enough question—is the type of thing that triggers the instinctual curiosity of a seasoned freelance writer.

In this case, superscript number 5 implies a reference specific to that part of the sentence which precedes the em dash.

4. Two or More Superscript Numbers in One Sentencea

Calderazzo's use of Annie Dillard's "write as if you were dying" notion,7 though a grim thought, conveniently closes the opening chapter on finding inspiration, following your curiosity and thinking like a freelancer.8

In this case, superscript number 7 references the source indicated within the quotation marks whereas, superscript number 8 references an entire chapter.

Superscript Formatting

In all three programs, by using the "footnote" feature, the superscripted numbers will be automatically inserted and footnoted below. The footnotes can be formatted the same way that the document's text is formatted.

Note: often times the footnote's default format does not match the document's text, so make sure to update the formatting to match.

Microsoft® Word

Screenshot of Microsoft Word with a yellow box around 'Insert Footnote'demonstrating how to use the footnote function to add in superscripted numbers

Apple® Pages

Screenshot of Pages with a yellow box around 'Footnote'demonstrating how to use the footnote function to add in superscripted numbers

Google® Docs

Screenshot of Google Docs with a yellow box around 'Footnote'demonstrating how to use the footnote function to add in superscripted numbers

Documenting Sources Using Numbered Notes & A Bibliography

The end documentation in the CMS notes system is called a "Notes" page. It is a list located at the end of a document or book containing all the bibliographic information needed to find out more about cited source material and only contains sources actually cited in the document. The numbers in the list directly correspond to the in-text superscripted number citing the source material.

A Notes page is both different and separate from a dedicated bibliography. In the case of a limited number of citations, footnotes at the bottom of each page may replace the endnotes.

In addition to bibliographic information, each note may contain content that is indirectly relevant to your topic, but which may be tangentially interesting or useful to your reader: your research challenges, conflicting evidence and disagreements among experts, for instance, would fall into this category.

CMS Notes Page Formatting rules

CMS Notes Page formatting rules call for the end of documentation to begin on a new page at the end of your document and be numbered according to the order the citation appears in-text. If your document is 6 and a half pages long (text is on the 7th page), the Notes Page should begin on page 8.

Unless explicitly informed otherwise by your instructor, the Notes page is not included in the total page count of an assignment. So if an assignment calls for 6 pages, the document should meet that page requirement before the addition of the Notes page.

CMS Notes page formatting rules are as follows:

  • The title "Notes" (no quotation marks) should be centered one inch from the top of the first page.
  • Double space between the title and first entry, and all subsequent entries.
  • Arrange entries numerically, not alphabetically.

Individual entries should be formatted in the following way:

  • Indent the first line of each entry five spaces from the left margin (the normal tab-button default space). Subsequent lines are flush-left.
  • Number each entry consecutively following their initial in-text order of appearance. Each number should be followed by a period and one space.
  • Page numbers are included only when specific passages rather than entire sources are being cited and in the case of quotations.
  • Common abbreviations used to make notes less redundant and cluttered should be identified in a separate list placed between the title and the first entry on the Notes page.

Subsequent use of a citation from the same source should be shortened to reduce bulk, but still contain enough information to identify the source. The most common short form used is author last name, title shorted to less than four words, and page number(s) for the information referenced or quoted.

Footnotes Formatting Rules

When footnotes replace endnotes, separate them from the body text with a triple-space or a twelve-space bar line beginning flush-left and then apply the same formatting rules as for endnotes.


CMS Bibliography Formatting Rules

CMS Bibliography formatting rules differ significantly from the Notes rules:

  • The title "Bibliography" (no quotation marks) replaces the word "Notes" at the top of the page.
  • Numbers are omitted altogether and entries are arranged alphabetically, last name first, instead of numerically.
  • The five-space indentation rule is also reversed. Instead of a default indentation, a hanging indent is used: The first line of each entry is flush-left while any subsequent lines are indented five spaces.
  • When a complete Bibliography is required, it follows the Notes page.

Examples of Notes & Bibliography Formatting Rules

There are general formatting rules for both notes and bibliographies worth noting and subtle changes between notes and bibliography citation formats. This includes differences such as how an author's name is listed, using periods or commas between objects in citations, and knowing which titles to italicize versus which to put in quotations.

More specific and in-depth examples are found in the CMS Directory of Notes & Bibliography Formatting Section

Notes Basic Format

Things to Note

  • Author is listed First name Last name
  • Commas separate items in the citation
  • Depending on the text cited, more or less information will be included in the citation
  • Notes can be shortened on subsequent reference to the same source (see in second example)

Numeral. Author First Name Last Name, Title, Publication Information (includes location, publisher, and date), Page Number (when citing specific portions or passages), Digital Access (when using digital sources).

Example

1. John Doe, "Document Title: Document Subtile," Magazine Title, February 29th, 2020, https://www.fake-magazine-for-citation.com.

2. Doe, "Title First Four Words," 2-4.

Bibliography Basic Format

Things to Note

  • Author is listed Last name, First name
    • Note exceptions for multiple authors:
    • Second, third, and fourth authors are listed First name Last name.
    • More than four authors are still written out in the Bibliography
  • Periods separate items in the citation
  • Depending on the text cited, more or less information will be included in the citation.
  • Texts from same author (see number 4)

    • Author Last Name, First Name. Title. Publication Information (includes location, publisher, and date). Page Number (when citing specific portions or passages). Digital Access (when using digital sources).

    Example

    Doe, John. "Article Title." Magazine Title. February 29th, 2020, https://www.fake-magazine-for-citation.com.

    Titles

    In CMS, all titles are set in titlecase, with the only exception being social media citations. Depending on the document's source, the title can be either italicized or placed in quotations:

    • Italicized Titles
      •
    • Italicized Titles
      •
      • Books
      • Publications (i.e. Magazines, Newspapers, Journals)
      • Stage Productions
      • Concerts
      • Website Names
      • Blog Names
      • Musical Compositions
      • Performances and Plays
      • Recordings (i.e. poetry readings, lectures)
      • Slideshows
      • Films
      • Videocassettes
      • Court Cases
      • Congressional Records and Documents
      • Journals
      • Hearings
      • Congressional and Legislative Reports
      • Congressional Bills and Resolutions
      • U.S. Statues or Acts
      • Government Documents
      • Letter Collections
      • Dissertations and Thesis
      • Reference Works (i.e. dictionaries, encyclopedias)
      • Artworks
    • "Titles in Quotations"
      •
    • "Titles in Quotations"
      •
      • Chapters
      • Articles
      • Movie Reviews
      • Webpage Titles
      • Blog Titles
      • Email and Forum Subjects and Titles
      • Treaties
      • Interviews
      • Poems

Topics

Books

Periodicals

Websites, Blogs, and Social Media

Audiovisual Recordings

Legal and Public Documents

Government Documents and Publications

Interviews and Personal Communications

Papers, Contracts, and Reports

Special Types of References

Examples of How to Arrange Notes & Bibliography Entries

Books

Things to Note

  • For Electronic Books, identify the book type (such as "Kindle e-book") at the end of the citation.
  • If found on the web provide the DOI or URL if the DOI is not available.
  • Place a period after the DOI or URL.
  • Number 4 is an example of an editor in place of an author.
    • use "eds." for more than one editor
    • shortened form does not include "ed." or "eds."

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s)–if needed.

1. Michael Beschloss, Presidents of War (New York: Crown, 2018), 604.

2. Asao B. Inoue, Above the Well: An Antiracist Argument from a Boy of Color (Fort Collins, CO: The WAC Clearinghouse/Utah State University Press, 2021, PDF e-book), https://doi.org/10.37514/PER-B.2021.1244, 20.

3. Meghan Daum, ed., Selfish, Shallow, and Self-Absorbed: Sixteen Writers on the Decision Not to Have Kids (New York: Picador, 2015), 32.

Bibliography Format:

Author Last, First. Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication-no parentheses.

Beschloss, Michael. Presidents of War. New York: Crown, 2018.

Inoue, Asao B. Above the Well: An Antiracist Argument from a Boy of Color. Fort Collins, CO: The WAC Clearinghouse/Utah State University Press, 2021, PDF e-book. https://doi.org/10.37514/PER-B.2021.1244.

Daum, Meghan, ed. Selfish, Shallow, and Self-Absorbed: Sixteen Writers on the Decision Not to Have Kids. New York: Picador, 2015.

Multiple Authors

Things to Note

  • Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited.
  • For four or more authors, format remains the same but "et al." follows the first author in notes–all authors must be listed in the bibliography.

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s)–if needed.

1. Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt Steinberg, Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure (London: Penguin Press, 2018), 20.

2. Stephen J. Fichter et al., Catholic Bishops in the United States: Church Leadership in the Third Millennium (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), 188.

Bibliography Format:

First Author–Last Name first and Next Author–First Name first. Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Lukianoff, Greg, and Jonathan Haidt. The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure. London: Penguin Press, 2018.

Fichter, Stephen J., Thomas P. Gaunt, Catherine Hoegeman, and Paul M. Perl. Catholic Bishops in the United States: Church Leadership in the Third Millennium. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.

Unknown Author(s)

Things to Note

  • Entries should be alphabetized by first world other than A, An, or The.

Notes Format:

Numeral. Book Title (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

1. Letting Ana Go (New York: Simon Pulse, 2013), 118–20.

Bibliography Format:

Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Letting Ana Go. New York: Simon Pulse, 2013.

Editor or Translator

Things to Note

  • In the notes format "translated" should be shortened to "trans."
  • In the bibliography format "Translated by" should be fully written out

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author, Book Title, trans. Translator Name, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s)–if needed.

1. Elena Ferrante, The Story of the Lost Child, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Europa Editions, 2015), 34.

Bibliography Format:

Author. Title. Translated by Translator Name. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Ferrante, Elena. The Story of the Lost Child. Translated by Ann Goldstein. New York: Europa Editions, 2015.

Edited Book/Anthology/Collection

Things to Note

  • Names must always appear in the same order as found on the Title page of the work being cited.
  • In the case of a translated work, "trans." replaces "ed(s).".
  • If 4 or more authors, the format stays the same but "et al." follows the first editor's name–all authors must be listed in the bibliography.

Notes Format:

Numeral. First Editor, Second Editor, and Third Editor, ed(s)., Book Title, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s)–if needed.

1. Nancy Buffington, Marvin Diogenes, and Clyde Moneyhun, eds. Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Blair Press, 1997), 351.

Bibliography Format:

First Editor or Translator Name (last name first), Second Translator Name (first initial + last name), and Third Editor First Editor or Translator Name (last name first), Second Translator Name (first initial + last name), ed(s). Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Buffington, N., M., Diogenes, and C. Moneyhun, eds. Living Languages: Contexts for Reading and Writing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, Blair Press, 1997.

Chapter or Selection in Book/Antholody/Collection

Things to Note

  • Notes citation example number 2 shows shortened exampled.
  • In bibliography format, "edited by" should be written out.
  • Editor's names appear First Name Last Name in bibliography.

Notes Format:

Numeral. Chapter Author Name, "Chapter Title," Book or Anthology Book Title, ed(s). Editor(s) Initials or Name (if available), (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

1. John McPhee, "The Search for Marvin Gardens," in The Next American Essay, ed. John D'Agata, (St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 2003), 9–20.

Bibliography Format:

Chapter Author Name. "Chapter Title." Book or Anthology Title, edited by Editor(s) Name, Page Number(s). Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

McPhee, John. "The Search for Marvin Gardens." In The Next American Essay, edited by John D'Agata, 9–20. St. Paul, MN: Graywolf Press, 2003.

Book with Group or Corporate Author

Things to Note

  • Digital sources include extra information in citations.
  • In Notes Format
    • URL follows page numbers (if none it will follow publication information)
  • In Bibliography Format
    • Publication format (ePUB, PDF, etc.) follows page numbers (or publication information) followed by a period. URL follows publication information.
    • If publication is an ePUB, do not link.

Notes Format:

Numeral. Group or Corporate Author, Book Title, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

1. Human Rights Watch, World Report of 2021: Events of 2020 (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2021), 70, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2021/01/2021_hrw_world_report.pdf.

Bibliography Format:

Group or Corporate Author. Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Human Rights Watch. World Report of 2021: Events of 2020. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2021, 70. PDF e–book. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2021/01/2021_hrw_world_report.pdf.

Chapter in Single–Author Book

Things to Note

  • If chapter number is applicable, "chap. # in" precedes Book Title

Notes Format:

Author Name. "Chapter Title," Book Title. (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

1. Susan Millar Williams, "Cross Purposes," chap. 6 in A Devil and a Good Woman, Too: The Lives of Julia Peterkin. (Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1997).

Bibliography Format:

Author Name. "Chapter Title." Book Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Williams, Susan Millar. "Cross Purposes." Chap. 6 in A Devil and a Good Woman, Too: The Lives of Julia Peterkin. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1997.

Book Editions (Second, Third, etc.)

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title, Numbered ed. or rev. ed. (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

1. Alan Brinkley, The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw–Hill, 2013), 627.

Bibliography Format:

Author Name. Book Title. Numbered ed. or rev. ed. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Brinkely, Alan. The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People. 7th ed. New York: McGraw–Hill, 2013.

Republished Book

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title, (Original Publication Year; repr., Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of New Publication), Page Number(s).

1. Elsie Clews Parsons, Folk–Lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina (1923; repr., Chicago: Afro–Am Press, 1969), 135–136.

Bibliography Format:

Author Name. Book Title. Original Publication Year. Reprint, Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of New Publication.

Parsons, Elsie Clews. Folk–Lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. 1923. Reprint, Chicago: Afro–Am Press, 1969.

Multivolume Works

Things to Note

  • If there is more than one author
    • In Notes, each author is listed First name Last name, First name Last name, and First name Last name.
    • Four or more authors: "et al." follows the first author.
    • In Bibliography, first author is Last name, First name and following authors are listed First name Last name.
    • All author names must be included in the bibliography.

Titled Volume

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name(s), Volume Book Title, vol. Number of followed by Multivolume Work Title (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Volume Number: Page Number(s).

1. Louis A. Garavaglia and Charles G. Worman, Firearms of the American West, 1803 – 1865, vol. 1 of Firearms of the American West (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1998), 31–32.

Bibliography Format:

Author Name(s). Volume Book Title. Vol. Number of Multivolume Work Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Louis A. Garavaglia and Charles G. Worman. Firearms of the American West, 1803 – 1865. Vol. 1 of Firearms of the American West. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado, 1998.

Untitled Volume

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name(s), Multivolume Book Title, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Volume Number: Page Number(s).

Example

Bibliography Format:

Author Name(s). Volume Book Title. Vol. Number of Multivolume Work Title. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Hanqi, Fang, ed. A History of Journalism in China. Vol. 7 Singapore: Silkroad Press, 2013.

Book in a Series

Things to Note

  • If there is an editor in edition to an author, editor name follows "Name of Book Series" in both notes and bibliography followed by "ed(s)."
  • If there is a volume number, "vol." and it's number follow "Editor(s)" or Name of Book Series" if no editor(s).

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title, Name of Book Series (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

1. Michael Levine, African Americans and Civil Rights: from 1619 to the Present, Social Issues in American History Series (Phoenix, AZ: Orynx Press, 1996), 42.

Bibliography Format:

Author Name. Book Title. Name of Book Series. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

Levine, Michael. African Americans and Civil Rights: from 1619 to the Present, Social Issues in American History Series. Phoenix, AZ: Orynx Press, 1996.

Book Without Publication in Notes Format

Things to Note

  • N.p and n.d. stand for "no page, no date."

Notes Format:

Numeral. Author Name, Book Title (n.p., n.d.), Page Number(s).

1. Roy G. Biv, On Learning the Color Spectrum (n.p., n.d.), 15.

Bibliography Format:

Author–Last Name first. Book Title. N.p., n.d..

Biv, Roy G. On Learning the Color Spectrum. N.p., n.d.

Book Introduction, Preface, Forward, or Afterword

Things to Note

  • The "Book Part Author Name" is the author of the book part being cited: Introduction, Preface, Forward, or Afterword.
    • This is often not the author of the book.
  • In the example, "book part" or "part to book" should be replaced with whichever is being cited: Introduction, Preface, Forward, or Afterword.
  • In both notes and bibliography, the author of the book the part is in is written as First name Last name (see example below).

    • Notes Format:

    Numeral. Book Part Author Name, Part to Book Title, by Book Author, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

    1. David Lodge, Introduction to Emma, by Jane Austen (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971), 5.

    Bibliography Format:

    Book Part Author. Part to Book Title, by Book Author Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication.

    Lodge, David. Introduction to Emma, by Jane Austen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.


    Periodicals

    Journals

    Things to Note

    • Some journals have Consecutive Pagination
      • In other words, the page numbers run consecutively from issue to issue.
      • For example, if Issue 3 ends on page 102, Issue 4 will begin on page 103.
    • If an article is obtained from a database, follow the publication information with the DOI, or a stable URL.
    • If the article is obtained from the web provide a stable URL if no DOI.
    • If there is an issue number, follows volume number with a comma and "no."
      • "…Journal Title Volume Number, no. Issue Number (Year…" (see example 2).

    Notes Format:

    Numeral. Author Name, "Article Title", Journal Title Volume Number (Year of Publication): Page Number(s).

    1. Sterling Brown, "Arcadia, South Carolina," Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life 12 (1934): 59–60.

    2. James Clifford, "On Ethnographic Authority," Representations 1, no. 2 (1983): 118–46.

    Bibliography Format:

    Author Name. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume Number (Year of Publication): Article Page Number(s).

    Brown, Sterling. "Arcadia, South Carolina." Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life 12 (1934): 59–60.

    Clifford, James. "On Ethnographic Authority." Representations 1, no. 2 (1983): 118–46.

    Magazines

    Things to Note

    • Include page numbers in the bibliography except in the case where an article begins at one point in the magazine and jumps to a different part of the magazine.

    Notes Format:

    Numeral. Author–First Name first, "Article Title, Magazine Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Page Number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

    1. Molly Ball, "Nation Divided: The Midterms Delivered a Split Decision that Primes Both Parties for Battle," Time, November 19, 2018, 28.

    Bibliography Format:

    Author Name. "Article Title." Magazine Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Article Page Numbers.

    Ball, Molly. "Nation Divided: The Midterms Delivered a Split Decision that Primes Both Parties for Battle." Time, November 19, 2018, 28–36.

    Newspapers

    Things to Note

    • When no author by–line exists, begin with the "Article Title" and proceed as shown above and below.
    • When not part of the newspaper title, include name of American city, in italics, along with the rest of the title, as shown below bibliography.
      • Follow the title of foreign newspapers with its hometown name, in parentheses and not italicized
        • Denver Rocky Mountain News
        • Ashtabula, (OH) Star–Beacon
        • Sunday Times (London)
      • News sites may update stories as they unfold, and in those cases it may be appropriate to include a time stamp in both notation and bibliography for an article that includes a time stamp. If the time zone is not included, it can be determined through context such as news site's location. The time stamp follows the date in commas.
        • Name. "Title." Newspaper. Date. Time. Link.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. By–line Author, "Article Title," Newspaper Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Edition if more than one each day.–no page numbers.

      1. Alana Edgin, "Here's a look at the history of the West Texas 6666 Ranch, which sold for over $320 million," Lubbock–Avalanche Journal, June 6, 2022.

      Bibliography Format:

      By–line Author–Last Name first. "Article Title." Newspaper Title. Month Day, Year of Publication. Edition when applicable.–no page numbers.

      Edgin, Alana. "Here's a look at the history of the West Texas 6666 Ranch, which sold for over $320 million." Lubbock–Avalanche Journal. June 6, 2022.

      Regular Columns or Features in a Newspaper

      Things to Note

      • Column titles should in title case but without quotation marks

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Article Title," Publication Title, Month Day, Year of Publication, Link.

      1. Jessica Schiffer, "You May Not Want to Get Your Beauty Tips From TikTok," Skin Deep, New York Times, June 22, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/style/you–may–not–want–to–get–your–beauty–tips–from–tiktok.html.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Article Title." Publication Title. Month Day, Year of Publication. Link.

      Schiffer, Jessica. "You May Not Want to Get Your Beauty Tips From TikTok." Skin Deep. New York Times. June 22, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/15/style/you–may–not–want–to–get–your–beauty–tips–from–tiktok.html.

      Letter to the Editor (Magazine or Newspaper)

      Things to Note

      • The example below illustrates the cases of a letter to the editor without a title. If there is no title provided, place Letter to the editor in the title position.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Article Title," Publication Title, Month Day, Year of Publication, Page Number(s) when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

      1. Peter Connor, "Letter to the Editor," The Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 16, 2005, 7B.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Article Title." Publication Title. Day Month Year of Publication, Letters Page Number.

      Connor, Peter. "Letter to the Editor." The Fort Collins Coloradoan, January 16, 2005, 7B.

      Book Reviews (Magazine or Newspaper)

      Things to Note

      • Author of book being reviewed is listed First name first in both notes and bibliography.
      • If the review does not have a title, omit "Review Title"
      • If the review is in an ePUB book, do not link to the book. Only link to stable URLs and DOIs.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Review Title," review of Book Title, by Book Author Name, Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication: Page Number(s).

      1. Amy Cicchino, "Review." review of Oral Communication in the Disciplines: A Resource for Teacher Development and Training, edited by Deanna P. Dannels, Patricia R. Palmerton, and Amy L. H. Gaffney, The WAC Journal, 30, no. 1 (2019), 110, https://doi.org/10.37514/WAC–J.2019.30.1.05.

      Bibliography Format:

      Review Author. "Review Title." review of Book Title, by Book Author Name. Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Page Number(s).

      Cicchino, Amy. "Review." review of Oral Communication in the Disciplines: A Resource for Teacher Development and Training, edited by Deanna P. Dannels, Patricia R. Palmerton, and Amy L. H. Gaffney. The WAC Journal, 30, no. 1 (2019): 108–30. https://doi.org/10.37514/WAC–J.2019.30.1.05.

      Stage/Theater Reviews (Magazine or Newspaper)

      Things to Note

      • In Stage/Theater Reviews, note commas are used in bibliography instead of periods other than after Review Author's name and Review title (if there is a title).
      • In Notes format, both the review author and playwright are listed First name Last name.
      • In Bibligraphy format, review author is Last name, First name, while playwright remains First name Last name.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Review Author, Review Title, review of Stage Piece Title, by Playwright, as performed by Theatre Company Name, Location. Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      1. Jana J. Monji, 'Brief' Pokes Fun at Barristers' Profession, review of Dock Brief, by John Mortimer, as performed by the Fremont Centre Theatre, South Pasadena, CA. Los Angeles Times, 31 January 1998, Home Edition, Calendar, 10.

      Bibliography Format:

      Review Author. Review Title. Review of Stage Piece Title, by Playwright. Theatre Company Name, Location. Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      Monji, Jana J. 'Brief' Pokes Fun at Barristers' Profession. Review of Dock Brief, by John Mortimer. Fremont Centre Theatre, South Pasadena, CA. Los Angeles Times, 31 January 1998, Home Edition, Calendar, 10.

      Movie Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

      Things to Note

      • In Movie Reviews, note commas are used in bibliography instead of periods other than after Review Author's name and Review title (if there is a title).

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Review Author Name first, "Review Title," review of Movie Title (Production Company Name), Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      1. Jack Garner, "Private Life Is an Open Book in 'Enemy of the State,'" review of Enemy of the State (Touchstone Pictures movie), Fort Collins Coloradoan, 20 November 1998, Ticket Section 7.

      Bibliography Format:

      Review Author Name first. "Review Title." Review of Movie Title (Production Company Name), Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      Garner, Jack. "Private Life Is an Open Book in 'Enemy of the State.'" Review of Enemy of the State (Touchstone Pictures movie), Fort Collins Coloradoan, 20 November 1998, Ticket Section 7.

      Music/Concert Review (Magazine or Newspaper)

      Things to Note

      • In Music/Concert Reviews, note commas are used in bibliography instead of periods other than after Review Author's name and Review title (if there is a title).
      • In Notes format, both the review author and composer's name are listed First name Last name.
      • In Bibligraphy format, review author is Last name, First name, while composer's name remains First name Last name.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Review Author Name, "Review Title," review of concert performance of Concert Title, by Name of composer, Performance Location, Performance Company, Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      1. Mark Swed, "Bartok Quartet Honors Its Namesake," review of concert performance of The 6 String Quartets, by Bela Bartok, Schoenberg Hall (UCLA), Bartok Quartet, Los Angeles Times, Home Edition, 27 February 1998, 20.

      Bibliography Format:

      Review Author Name. "Review Title." Review of concert performance of Concert Title, by Name of composer, Perfomance Location, Performance Company, Publication Title, Day Month Year of Publication, Section Designation.

      Swed, Mark. "Bartok Quartet Honors Its Namesake." Review of concert performance of The 6 String Quartets, by Bela Bartok, Schoenberg Hall (UCLA), Bartok Quartet, Los Angeles Times, Home Edition, 27 February 1998, 20.

      Websites, Blogs, and Social Media

      Websites

      Things to Note

      • Website citations can often be limited to the notes. If you work does not have notes, they can be included in the bibliography.
      • If there is no publication date, provide access date after URL Link.
      • If there is no author, start notes citation with title.
      • If a source is frequently updated, a time stamp follows the date in commas.
      • Publisher is only italicized if the website name is a newspaper, magazine, or other publication.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral, Author Name, "Title," Website Section, Website Name, Publication Date, URL Link.

      1. Jacob Siegel, "The History and Logic of Military Ultimatums, From Suez to Crimea," The Daily Beast, March 3, 2014, http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/03/the–history–and–logic–of–military–ultimatums–from–suez–to–crimea.html

      2."Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment," Pittsburg Pirates, MLB.com, May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author or Website Name. "Title." Website Section. Publication Date. URL Link.

      MLB.com. "Roberto Clemente: A Form of Punishment." Pittsburg Pirates. May 24, 2013. http://mlb.mlb.com/pit/history/pit_clemente.jsp.

      Blogs

      Things to Note

      • Like Newspaper articles and websites, citations of blog posts usually do not need to be included in the bibliography. If one is needed, it should be listed under author's.
      • If citing an entire blog, list it by name of the editor (if any) or blog title (as seen in second bibliography example).
      • If "blog" is a part of the title (blog) is not needed after the blog name.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Title," Blog Name (blog), Name of Publisher, Publication Date, URL Link.

      1. Pat McNamara, "American Catholics and Race in 2020: A Church Historian's Reflection," McNamara's Blog, Patheos, June 8, 2020, https://www.patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/2020/06/american–catholics–and–race–in–2020.html/.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Title." Blog Name (blog). Name of Publisher, Publication Date. URL Link.

      McNamara, Pat. "American Catholics and Race in 2020: A Church Historian's Reflection." McNamara's Blog. Patheos, June 8, 2020. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/2020/06/american–catholics–and–race–in–2020.html/.

      McNamara, Pat. McNamara's Blog. Patheos. https://www.patheos.com/blogs/mcnamarasblog/.

      Social Media

      Things to Note

      • If author's real name is unknown, simply use the screen name.
      • As there is no title in social media, the first 160 characters of text are used but they are not in title case.
      • Citations of social media can be used solely in the text, but if a link is important to share it should include a note.
      • Since social media posts can be edited or removed, it's advisable to keep a copy of anything cited.
      • If the content is private, it is considered a form of personal communication and should be cited as such instead.
      • Extensive threads on a post/single subject or a frequently cited account should be included in the bibliography.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name–if known (Screen Name–if any), "First 160 characters of text of post," Social Media Site and Type–if needed, Publication Date, URL Link.

      1. JortsTheCat (@JortsTheCat), "I'm pretending I'm asleep so I can hear you talk about how cute I am," Twitter Photo, June 10, 2022, https://twitter.com/JortsTheCat/status/1535415890862145536?s=20&t=43InS3Y1n57lWiIP2w0o7w.

      2. Katey Lovell (@Katey_Lovell), "Children of the 70s/80s/90s – when you were growing up what room was the phone in? (Landline, obviously)," Twitter, June 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/Katey_Lovell/status/1535746338465402881?s=20&t=Vawq–btGK58gyVidfQlTJg.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name–if known (Screen Name–if any). "First 160 Characters of Text." Social Media Site. Publication Date. URL Link.

      Barack Obama (@BarackObama)."Part of the reason it's hard to bring about change is because we live in a media environment that elevates falsehoods as much as truths, and divides people as…" Twitter. April 19, 2022. https://twitter.com/BarackObama/status/1516519233022275600?s=20&t=Vawq–btGK58gyVidfQlTJg

      Email Lists and Forums

      Things to Note

      • Private forums or lists are cited as personal communications
      • If "list" or "forum" is not in the title, include it after the "Subject or Thread title".

      Notes Format:

      Correspondent Name, "Subject or Thread Title," Title of List or Forum, Host Site Title, Message or Post Date, URL Link.

      1. Leonard McCoy, "Redoing Your Spring Garden With New Brick Paths," Things I Don't Do, but You Can list, Enterprise Life Tips, March 9, 2017, https:/www.dr–mccoy–life–tips–this–link–is–fiction.com

      Citing an Online Posting to a Discussion Group

      Things to Note

      • Private forums or lists are cited as personal communications

      Notes Format:

      Post Author Name to Discussion Group Name discussion group, Month Day, Year, URL.

      1. Alessandro Busà to URBANTH–L discussion group, December 1, 2009, http://lists.cc.ysu.edu/pipermail/urbanth–l/2009–December/002761.html.

      Audiovisual Recordings

      Musical Recordings

      Things to Note

      • The elements in the following format (particularly composer and director) may be rearranged to suit your particular purposes. See Chicago Manual of Style for more examples.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Composer Name, Composition Title, (Editing Information when available), Orchestra Name, Conductor Name, Recording Company Medium Recording Number.

      1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Requiem Mass, K626 (Edited by Franz Beyer), Academy and Chorus of St. Martin–in–the–Fields, Neville Mariner, London compact disk 417 746–2.

      Bibliography Format:

      Composer Name. Composition Title. (Editing Information when available–in parentheses). Orchestra Name. Conductor Name. Recording Company–when available, Medium Recording Number.

      Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. Requiem Mass, K626. (Edited by Franz Beyer). Academy and Chorus of St. Martin–in–the–Fields. Neville Mariner. London compact disk 417 746–2.

      Dramatic Performance Recordings

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Playwright Name, Performance Title, directed by name, performed by performance artist names, Recording Company Recording Number, Medium.

      1. William Shakespeare, Othello, directed by Howerd Sackler, performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others, Caedmon CDG 225, audiotape.

      Bibliography Format:

      Playwright Name. Performance Title, directed by name, performed by performance artist names–First Names first, Recording Company Recording Number, Medium.

      Shakespeare, William. Othello. Directed by Howerd Sackler. Performed by Frank Silvera, Celia Johnson, Cyril Cusack, Anna Massey, and others. Caedmon CDG 225. Audiotape.

      Poetry and Prose Recordings

      Things to Note

      • If read by someone other than the author, in the Bibliography reader's name is listed First name, Last name.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Poet or Prose Writer Name, Recording Title, read by author or reader name, Recording Company Recording Number, Medium.

      1. T.S. Eliot, Poems and Choruses, read by author, Caedmon TC1045, record album.

      Bibliography Format:

      Poet or Prose Writer Name. Recording Title. Read by author or reader name. Recording Company Recording Number. Medium.

      Eliot, T.S. Poems and Choruses. Read by author. Caedmon TC1045. Record album.

      Lecture Recordings

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Lecture Recorder, Recording Title, Description of Lecture presented by lecturer Name at Institution Name, Location, Month Year of Lecture, Publication Information–if applicable.

      1. L.M.N. Nesbitt, Censorship, audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado, October 1995.

      Bibliography Format:

      Lecture Recorder. Recording Title. Description of Lecture presented by lecturer name at Institution Name, Location, Month Year of Lecture, Publication Information–if applicable.

      Nesbitt, L.M.N., Censorship. Audiotape of a lecture presented by Louann Reid at Colorado State University, Fort Collins Colorado, October 1995.

      Slides

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Slide Show Producer Name, Slide Show Title, (Place of Production: Production Company Name, Year of Production), Slides.

      1. John Nesbitt, Europe by Train (Knoxville, TN: Fabricated Production Company, 1991, slides.

      Bibliography Format:

      Numeral. Slide Show Producer Name. Slide Show Title. Place of Production: Production Company Name, Year of Production. Slides.

      Nesbitt, John. Europe by Train. Knoxville, TN, Fabricated Production Company, 1991. Slides.

      Films

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Film Title, media format, film length, Production Company, Place of Production: Production Company Name, Year of Production.

      1. The Feast, 16 mm, 29 min., U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Springfield, VA, 1970.

      Bibliography Format:

      Film Title. Media format, film length. Production Company, Place of Production: Production Company Name, Year of Production.

      The Feast. 16 mm, 29 min. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Springfield, VA, 1970.

      Video Cassettes

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Videocassette Title, Producer and or Director Name, videocassette length, Production Company Name, Year of Production, videocassette.

      1. Sam Shepherd: Fool for Love, dir. Robert Altman, 108 min., MGM, 1985, videocassette.

      Bibliography Format:

      Videocassette Producer Last Name first. Videocassette Title. Directed by Director Name. Videocassette length. Production Company Name, Year of Production. Videocassette.

      Shepherd, Sam. Sam Shepherd: Fool for Love. Dir. by Robert Altman. 108 min. MGM, 1985. Videocassette.

      State and Federal Court Cases/Decisions

      Things to Note

      • For state court cases include both official and commercial reporters separated by a comma.
      • Avoid "id." and instead use shorted version (italicized), example shown in Notes below.
      • Some state courts have their own public domain citation format so consult The Bluebook for guidance.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Case Name, volume of reporter, name of reporter, opening page of decision, Cited Page Number (Court Name–abbreviated Year of Decision).

      1. Meyer v. State of Nebraska, 262 U.S. 390, 43 (S.Ct. 625 1923).

      2. Meyer, 262 U.S. 390.

      Bibliography Format:

      Case Name. Volume of reporter name of reporter opening page of decision. Cited Page Number (Court Name–abbreviated Year of Decision)–in parentheses.

      Meyer v. State of Nebraska. 262 U.S. 390. 43 (S.Ct. 625 1923).

      State and Federal Constitutions

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. State or Country Name,–abbreviated without a period, Article or Amendment Number–in Roman, § Subdivision Number–in Arabic.

      1. Wis Const, Art IX, § 1.

      Bibliography Format:

      State or Country Name–abbreviated without a period, Article or Amendment Number–in Roman, § Subdivision Number–in Arabic.

      Wis Const, Art IX, § 1.

      Publications of Congress


      Congressional Record/General Citation

      Notes Format:

      Description

      1. Congressional Record, 104th Cong., 1st sess., 1995, 141, pt. 26.

      Or

      1. Cong. Rec. 104th Cong., 1st sess., 1995. 141, pt. 26.

      Congressional Record/Speaker Citation

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Congressional Body Name. Speaker Name and Description of Remarks. Resolution Number–if appropriate. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Congressional Record. (Day Month Year), volume number, part number–abbreviated pt.: Page Number(s)–if appropriate.

      1. U.S. Senate. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record (30 Jan. 1995), vol. 141, pt. 10.

      Bibliography Format:

      Congressional Body Name. Speaker Name and Description of Remarks. Resolution Number–if appropriate. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Congressional Record. (Day Mnth. Year), volume number, part number–abbreviated pt.: Page Number(s)–if appropriate.

      U.S. Senate. Senator Kennedy of Massachusetts reintroducing the Equal Remedies Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess. Congressional Record (30 Jan. 1995), vol. 141, pt. 10.

      Congressional Records and Documents

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Congressional Body or Committee Name, Report or Document Title, Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year, Document Number, Serial Number–if available, Page Number(s).

      1. U.S. Congress, South Dakota Water Resource Development, 97th Cong., 2d sess., 1982, S. Doc. 514, Serial 13452.

      Bibliography Format:

      Congressional Body or Committee Name. Report or Document Title Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year. Document Number. Serial Number–if available.

      U.S. Congress. South Dakota Water Resource Development. 97th Cong., 2d sess., 1982. S. Doc. 514. Serial 13452.

      Congressional Journals

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Journal Name, Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Day Month Year, Page Number(s).

      1. Senate Journal, 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February 1996, 7–17.

      Bibliography Format:

      Congressional Body Name. Journal Name. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Day Month Year.

      U.S. Congress. Senate Journal. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February 1996.

      Or

      U.S. Senate Journal. 104th Cong., 2d sess., 20 February 1996.

      Congressional Hearings

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Committee Name, Hearing Title Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Day Month Year, Number(s).

      1. U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, 101st Cong., 2d sess., 4–5 December 1990, 42–43.

      Bibliography Format:

      Committee Name. Hearing Title. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Day Month Year.

      U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. U.S. Policy in the Persian Gulf: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations. 101st Cong., 2d sess., 4–5 December 1990.

      Congressional Committee Prints

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Committee Name, Report Title, report prepared by name of agency department person(s), Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year, Committee Print Number, Page Number(s).

      1. Senate Committee on Public Works, Effects and Methods of Control of Thermal Discharges, report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, Committee Print 14, 19.

      Bibliography Format:

      Committee Name. Report Title. Report prepared by name of agency department person(s), Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year, Committee Print Number.

      Senate Committee on Public Works. Effects and Methods of Control of Thermal Discharges. report prepared by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, 93rd Cong., 1st sess., 1973, Committee Print 14.

      Congressional Bills and Resolutions

      Things to Note

      • The Chicago Manual of Style notes that bills and resolutions are cited in text or notes, but not always in the bibliography. When they are they should follow the below Bibliography format.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Bill or Resolution Title, Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year, Bill or Resolution Number, Congressional Record record information–if applicable.

      1. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act, 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195, Congressional Record, 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January 1995): H168.

      Bibliography Format:

      Congressional Body Name. Bill or Resolution Title. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Year, Bill or Resolution Number. Congressional Record, record information–if applicable.

      U.S. House. Interstate Child Support Enforcement Act. 104th Cong., 1st sess., H.R. 195. Congressional Record, 241, no. 4, daily ed. (9 January 1995): H168.

      Laws and Statutes Published as Slip Laws

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. U.S. Public Law Numbers, Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated (Day Month Year), Page Number(s).

      1. U.S. Public Law 105–258, 105th Cong., 2d sess. (14 October 1998), 12–13.

      Bibliography Format:

      U.S. Public Law Numbers. Number of Congress–abbreviated, Number of Session–abbreviated, Day Month Year.

      U.S. Public Law 105–258. 105th Cong., 2d sess., 14 October 1998.

      Laws and Statures Collected in Statutes at Large

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. U.S. Statutes at Large Volume Number (Year): Page Number(s).

      1. U.S. Statutes at Large 25 (1888): 476.

      Bibliography Format:

      U.S. Statutes at Large Volume Number (Year): Page Number(s).p>

      U.S. Statutes at Large 25 (1888): 476.

      Laws and Statutes Incorporated Into the U.S. Code

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Law, Statute or Act Title, U.S. Code, Volume Number, Section Number–abbreviated (Year).

      1. Farm Credit Act, U.S. Code Annotated, vol. 42, sec. 410 (1959).

      Bibliography Format:

      Law, Statute or Act Title. U.S. Code. Volume Number, Section Number–abbreviated (Year).

      Farm Credit Act. U.S. Code Annotated. Vol. 42, sec. 410 (1959).

      Government Documents and Publications

      Executive Department Publications

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Issuing Departmental Body, Document Title, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication), Page Number(s)./p>

      1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives, Attorney–client Privilege and the Right of Congressional Access to Documents for Oversight Purposes in the Case of the Suspension of the Telephone Loan Programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991), 14–17.

      Bibliography Format:

      Issuing Departmental Body. Document Title. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication. Page Number(s).

      U.S. Department of Agriculture. Subcommittee on Conservation, Credit and Rural Development of the Committee on Agriculture, U.S. House of Representatives. Attorney–client Privilege and the Right of Congressional Access to Documents for Oversight Purposes in the Case of the Suspension of the Telephone Loan Programs by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1991.

      Government Commission Publications

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Commission Name, Publication Title, (Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

      1. U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Annual Report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1977/78), 10.

      Bibliography Format:

      Commission Name. Publication Title. Washington, D.C.: GPO, Year of Publication.

      U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Annual Report of the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1977/78.

      Treaties

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Department or Issuing Body, "Treaty Title," Day Month Year of Treaty, TIAS Number, Publication Name, Vol. Number, Part Number–if bound and not microtext.

      1. U.S. Department of State, "Tourism," 3 October 1989, TIAS no. 12403, United States Treaties and Other International Agreements.

      Bibliography Format:

      Department or Issuing Body. "Treaty Title." Day Month Year of Treaty. TIAS Number. Publication Name. Vol. Number, Part Number–if bound and not microtext.

      U.S. Department of State. "Tourism." 3 October 1989. TIAS no. 12403. United States Treaties and Other International Agreements.

      Administrative and Legislative Reports

      Things to Note

      • Administrative or Legislative Reports should be cited only in the text or notes.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Issuing Body, Report Title, (Place, Year of Report), Page Number(s).

      1. Colorado General Assembly, Colorado Commission on Higher Education, 1996 Legislative Report on Higher Education Admission Standards (Denver, 1996), 11.

      State Laws and Municipal Ordinances

      Things to Note

      • State laws or municipal ordinances should be cited only in the text or the notes, although compilations of state laws (codes) or municipal ordinances may be cited in the bibliography.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. State or Municipal Name, State Laws or Municipal Compilation Title, (Editor Name, Year), Section Number(s).

      1. Colorado Revised Statutes, Annotated (Michie Co., 1974), sec. 2.

      Interviews and Personal Communications

      Published Interviews

      Things to Note

      • Consult The Chicago Manual of Style to format interviews appearing in other print and non–print mediums.
      • Interview Subject's name and Interviewer's name are listed First name Last name in Notes.
      • Interview Subject's name is Last name, First name in Bibliography

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Interview Subject, "Interview Title," interviewed by Interviewer Name, Publication Title, Month and Year of Publication: Page Number(s).

      1. Dr. Robert Bullard, "Dr. Robert Bullard: Some People Don't Have the Complexion for..." interviewed by Jim Motavelli. E Magazine, July/August 1998: 10–13.

      Bibliography Format:

      Interview Subject Name. "Interview Title,"interviewed by Interviewer Name. Publication Title. Month and Year of Publication: Page Number(s).

      Bullard, Dr. Robert."Dr. Robert Bullard: Some People Don't Have the Complexion for...," interviewed by Jim Motavelli. E Magazine. July/August 1998: 10–13.

      Unpublished Interviews

      Things to Note

      • Interview Subject's name and Interviewer's name are listed First name Last name in Notes.
      • Interview Subject's name is Last name, First name in Bibliography

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Interview Subject Name interview by Interviewer Name, type of interview, Interview Location, Day Month Year of Interview.

      1. Christine S. Neuhoff, interview by author, tape recording, Fort Collins, CO., 29 September 1998.

      Bibliography Format:

      Interview Subject Name. Interview by Interviewer Name, type of interview. Interview Location, Day Month Year of Interview.

      Neuhoff, Christine S. Interview by author, tape recording. Fort Collins, CO, 29 September 1998.

      Published Letters

      Things to Note

      • Make a bibliographic entry for the entire letter collection when more than one letter is cited. Include collection name, editor if applicable, Place of Publication: Publisher and Year of Publication as in the example below. More specific bibliographic information should appear within the individual citation notes (shown below).
      • Author name and Recipient name are listed First name Last name in Notes.
      • Author name is Last name, First name in Bibliography.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name to Recipient Name, Day Month Year of Letter, Collection Title, ed. Editor Name–if applicable, (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication), Page Number(s).

      1. Flannery O'Connor to Maryat Lee, 20 May 1960, In the Habit of Being, Letters Edited and with an Introduction by Sally Fitzgerald (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979; New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, Noonday Press, 1995), 396.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. Letter to Recipient Name, Day Month Year of Letter. Collection Title, Page Number(s) . ed. Editor Name–if applicable. (Place of Publication: Name of Publisher, Year of Publication)–in parentheses, when citing specific portions or quoted passages.

      O'Connor, Flannery. Letter to Maryat Lee, 20 May 1960. In The Habit of Being, Letters Edited and with an Introduction by Sally Fitzgerald, 396. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979; New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, Noonday Press, 1995).

      Or for a collection:

      O'Connor, Flannery. The Habit of Being, Letters Edited and with an Introduction by Sally Fitzgerald. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979; (New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux, Noonday Press, 1995).

      Unpublished Letters

      Things to Note

      • Make a bibliographic entry for the entire manuscript collection when more than one document is cited. Include Collection name, Depository and Location as in the example below. More specific bibliographic information should appear within the individual citation notes.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Description of Document–Author Name if included, Document Date, Collection Name, Depository Name, Depository Location.

      1. Letter from Julia Peterkin to George Shively, 18 October 1930, Bobbs–Merrill Papers, Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

      Bibliography Format:

      Document Author–if included. Description of Document including Document Date. Collection Name. Depository Name, Depository Location.

      Peterkin, Julia. Letter to George Shively dated 18 October 1930. Bobbs–Merrill Papers. Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington.

      Papers, Contracts, and Reports

      Published Dissertation or Thesis

      Things to Note

      • Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution. Include the publication number from ProQuest if appropriate.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Dissertation Title"– (Ph.D. diss., Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted), Institution Location: Dissertations Abstracts International information–if appropriate, Page Number(s).

      1. Anthony Colello, "Affirmative Action Bans and Minority Employment: Washington State's Initiative 200" (master's thesis, Georgetown University, 2011), 41–42, ProQuest (AAT 1491319).

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Dissertation Title". Ph.D. diss., Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted. Institution Location: Dissertations Abstracts International information–if appropriate.

      Colello, Anthony. "Affirmative Action Bans and Minority Employment: Washington State's Initiative 200." Master's thesis, Georgetown University, 2011. ProQuest (AAT 1491319).

      Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis

      Things to Note

      • Include the phrase, "Ph.D. diss." or "Master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.
      • Author is listed Last name, First name in Bibliogrphy

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Thesis Title"–in quotation marks (Master's thesis, Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted), Page Number(s).

      1. Ruba Hamam, "Family Engagement in US Schools through the Lens of Four Saudi Mothers" (PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2020), 12.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Thesis Title.". Master's thesis, Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted.

      Hamam, Ruba. "Family Engagement in US Schools through the Lens of Four Saudi Mothers." PhD diss., Ohio State University, 2020.

      Abstract of Dissertation or Thesis

      Things to Note

      • Format like a Journal Article. Include the phrase, "Ph.d. diss." or "master's thesis" before the name of the degree granting institution.
      • Author is listed Last name, First name in Bibliogrphy

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author Name, "Dissertation Title" (Ph.d. diss., Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted), abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International Volume Number (Volume Date): Page Number(s).

      1. Marcia Marvin Lavely, "A Study of American Literature which Incorporates the Use of the Gullah Dialect (Sea Islands)" (Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1991), abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 53 (1992): 1501A.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name. "Dissertation Title". Ph.D. diss., Degree Granting Institution, Year Granted. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International Volume Number (Volume Date): Page Number(s).

      Lavely, Marcia Marvin. "A Study of American Literature which Incorporates the Use of the Gullah Dialect (Sea Islands)." Ph.D. diss., University of Mississippi, 1991. Abstract in Dissertation Abstracts International 53 (1992): 1501A.

      Special Types of References

      Reference Works

      Things to Note

      • Dictionaries, encyclopedias, or other well–known reference books are not usually cited in a bibliography. They are cited in notes only.
      • When a physical edition is cited, edition number and date the volume was set/issued also must be specified.
      • Alphabetically arranged works are cited by the item not the volume or page number and is followed by s.v.
      • Other reference works–such as style guides, are listed with full publication details like books.
      • Online reference works are cited similarly, instead of an edition number, include publication or revision date–or access date if one is not available; include a URL.

      Notes Format:

      Physical: Numeral. Reference Work, Edition. (Date, s.v "item name.".

      Online: Numeral. Reference Work, s.v "item name."s, publication/revision/access date, URL.

      1. Encyclopedia Brittanica, 15th ed. (1997), s.v. "Artificial Intelligence."

      2. Merriam–Webster, s.v. "sunshine," accessed June 13, 2022, https://www.merriam–webster.com/dictionary/sunshine.

      Artwork and Illustrations

      Things to Note

      • Most information about artworks can be used in text rather than citing in notes or bibliography.
      • Exhibition catalogs are published as books and cited as such.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Artist Name, Title of Work, Date of Creation or Completion, Medium, Medium Information, Location of Work, URL–if available.

      1. Vincent van Gogh, Sunflowers Fourth Version, 1888, Oil on canvas, 92.1 cm x 73 cm, National Gallery, London.

      Bibliography Format:

      Artist Name. Title of Work. Date of Creation or Completion. Medium, Medium Information. Location of Work.

      Van Gogh, Vincent. Sunflowers Fourth Version. 1888. Oil on canvas, 92.1 cm x 73 cm. National Gallery, London.

      Scriptural References

      Things to Note

      • Usually references to Jewish or Christian scriptures are used in text citations or notes, not in bibliographies.
      • Chapter and verse are used, not page number.
      • Version should be spelled on on first usage and abbreviated afterwards.

      Notes Format:

      Traditional Abbreviation:

      Numeral. Book. Chapter:Verse (Version).

      1. Pro. 22:8, 27: 1–5 (New International Version).

      2. Gen. 29:25–28 (NIV).

      Shorter Abbreviation:

      Numeral. Book Chapter:Verse, Chapter:Verse; Book Chapter:Verse.

      1. Le 13:9–11, 13:45; Pr 15:23 (NIV).

      2. Pr 24:2 (NIV).

      Other Sacred Works

      Should be cited similarly to those of biblical or classical works. Transliterated texts should include name of version or translator. Koran (Qur'an) is cited in roman and arabic numerals. Vedas and Upanishads are normally capitalized and romanized, but particular parts are italicized.

      1. Koran 16:5–7.

      2. Sam–Veda.

      Classic Poems and Plays

      Things to Note

      • Frequently cited works, such as Shakespeare, which will have variations in wording, line numbering, and scene division, the edition is specified in the first note or in the bibliography.
      • If page numbers are cited, the edition must be mentioned.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Author, "Scene," Title, Location in Text (book, canto, stanza; stanza and line; act, scene, and line; or similar divisions.)

      1. King Lear, Kindle Edition, 4. 1. 2–15. References are to act, scene, and line.

      2. Lady Horikawa, "My Hair and Feelings are Both in Tangles," Hyakunin Isshu, poem 80.

      Bibliography Format:

      Author Name–last name first. Title. Editor (if provided). Edition. City: Publisher, Year.

      Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Kindle Edition. JKL Classics, 2017.

      Scientific Databases

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Database Name (object name/data marker/accession number; Access Date), URL.

      1. NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name NGC 0119; accessed June 13, 2022), http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/.

      Bibliography Format:

      Database Name (Object Name/Data Marker/Accession Number; Access Date). URL.

      NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name NGC 0119; accessed June 13, 2022). http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/.

      Citations Taken from Secondary Sources

      Things to Note

      • Chicago Manual of Style does not recommend citing secondary sources as an author should be familiar with the source they are citing and site the original source. If the original source is not available, then the citation must include both the secondary and the original.
      • Shown below in bold is how to incorporate secondary source; however, it is best to find the original or an alternate source.

      Notes Format:

      Numeral. Original Author Name, "Title," Publication (Publication Date): Page Number(s), quoted in Secondary Source Author Name, Secondary Source Title (Publication City: Publisher, Year), Page Number(s).

      Examples of How to Arrange Notes & Bibliography Entries

      1. Unknown, Uncertain or Anonymous Authors

      Note: Organize alphabetically and avoid using "Anonymous". When a work is of unknown origin, use the first word of its title, excluding definite or indefinite articles which may be transposed to the end of the title.

      When the author's name is known but does not appear on the title page place it before the title as you would normally, but in [brackets]. When the author's name is uncertain, indicate so with a question mark inside the [brackets?].

      Notes Example:

      4. "Passing Race, A," Canadian Magazine, 71 (1929): 34.

      4. [Joe Schmoe?], "Passing Race, A," Canadian Magazine, 71 (1929): 34.

      Bibliography Example:

      Parsons, Elsie Clews. Folk-Lore of the Sea Islands, South Carolina. 1923. Reprint, Chicago: Afro-Am Press, 1969.

      "Passing Race, A," Canadian Magazine, 71 (1929): 34.

      Peterkin, Julia. Black April. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1927.

      [Joe Schmoe?], "Passing Race, A," Canadian Magazine, 71 (1929): 34.

      2. Author Name Included in Source Title

      Notes Example:
      Note: Autobiographies, Collected Letters and Editions of Complete Works often include the author's name in the title. In such cases, the citation can begin with the title of the work. Both the author name and title must be included in the bibliography.

      5. The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats (New York: Macmillan, 1977), 31.

      Bibliography Example:

      Yeats, W. B. The Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. New York: Macmillan, 1977.

      3. Author of One Work is First Co-Author of Another

      Notes Example:
      Note: Single author works always precede co-authored works.

      Shor, Ira. Culture Wars: School and Society in the Conservative Restoration, 1969-1982. (Boston: Routledge and K. Paul, 1986), 55.

      Shor, Ira. and Paul Friere. A Pedagogy of Liberation: Dialogues on Transforming Education. (New York: Bergin and Garvey, 1987), 112- 115.

      4. Multiple Works by Same Author: Using "three em" (---) Dashes

      Notes Example:
      Note: The three-em dash serves the same purpose as "ditto" marks. When an author appears consecutively, associated with different titles, a three-em dash (---) may replace the name after the first entry.

      7. Julia Peterkin. Black April. Indianapolis: (Bobbs-Merrill, 1927), 48.

      8. ---. Scarlet Sister Mary. Indianapolis: (Bobbs-Merrill, 1928), 92.

      5. Source Quoted in another Source

      Note: Both sources are cited in the same note. In this case, the format combines both the elements for citing a Book Review with elements for citing a book with one author. The source of the quote itself does not require a bibliographic entry.

      Notes Example:

      6. Annie Dillard, "Write Till You Drop," New York Times Book Review, 28 May 1989, 1, quoted in John Calderazzo, Writing from Scratch: Freelancing (Savage, MD: Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks, 1990), 6.

      6. Using "Ibid" and Shortened Citations

      Note: "Ibid.," the Latin abbreviation meaning "in the same place", may replace a full citation in consecutively ordered notes referencing the same piece of work. A shortened version of the note may then be substituted for all non-consecutive citations.

      Notes Example:

      5. Julia Peterkin. Scarlet Sister Mary. Indianapolis: (Bobbs-Merrill, 1928), 56.

      6. Ibid., 113.

      7. __________(Unrelated Full Citation)____________.

      8. __________(Unrelated Full Citation)____________.

      9. Peterkin, Scarlet, 225.

      7. Cross-Referencing Notes

      Note Example:
      Note: All things being equal, a note referencing an identical previous note may replace a full citation.

      10. See note 5 above.

      Additional CMS Notes Resources

      Printed Resources:

      University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 14th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

      University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style: The Essential Guide for Writers, Editors, and Publishers. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

      University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.7208/cmos17

      Turabian, K. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.

      Online Resources:

      The official Chicago Manual of Style website, updated regularly, is the comprehensive guide to all things CMS: the organization, its journals, products and services.

    Citation: Please adapt for your documentation style.

    Allen, Will, Peter Connor, Heidi Scott, & Laurel Nesbitt. (2017). Citation Guide: Chicago Manual of Style (Notes System). Writing@CSU. Colorado State University. https://writing.colostate.edu/guides/guides.cfm?guideid=11